A close match at 111 Y-STRs usually means a common ancestor in few generations, so what happens when an exact match with a different surname has no recent connection? What about a GD (Genetic Distance) 1 match with the same surname? Can next-gen Y testing help? This case study uses STRs, Big Y and traditional genealogy to research several 111-marker Y-STR matches at GD 4 or closer with four distinct surnames.